Spatiotemporal dynamics of phytoplankton abundance and diversity under the influence of cage aquaculture in the Kiashahr coastal waters, Caspian Sea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23303574Keywords:
Phytoplankton diversity, cage culture, rainbow trout, Caspian Sea, species richness, nutrient enrichmentAbstract
This study examined the effects of rainbow trout cage culture on the distribution and structure of phytoplankton populations in the Kiashahr region of the southern Caspian Sea (Gilan Province). Four stations, each with a water depth of 20 m, were sampled at increasing distances from a single cage farm: Station 1 (cage site), Station 2 (200 m), Station 3 (500 m), and Station 4 (1000 m). Sampling was conducted in triplicate (n = 3 independent water samples per station per season) at the mid-point of five seasons, comprising a pre-operation phase (summer and autumn 2019) and an operational period (winter, spring, and summer 2020). We identified 34 phytoplankton species belonging to 5 phyla, 5 orders, 19 families, and 24 genera. Species richness varied seasonally, from 17 species in the pre-operation phase to 23 in autumn, 25 in winter, 26 in spring, and 22 in summer. Dominant species with the highest mean abundance were Nitzschia reversa (pre-operation), Cyclotella meneghiniana (autumn), Gyrosigma acuminatum (winter), Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (spring), and Skeletonema subsalsum (summer). The highest taxa richness (26 ± 0), abundance (6871 ± 561.91 cells/mL), and diversity indices (Shannon: 3.19 ± 0.008; Simpson: 0.96 ± 0.01) were recorded in spring, predominantly at the cage station. Similarity analysis showed the greatest community overlap between spring and winter (75.56%) and the lowest between the pre-operation phase and summer (48.48%), a pattern corroborated by cluster analysis. Pearson correlation analysis showed that taxa richness was significantly correlated with temperature (negatively), dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, PO₄, NO₂, NO₃, and TP; phytoplankton abundance was significantly correlated with chlorophyll-a, PO₄, NO₂, NO₃, and TP; and both the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were significantly correlated with temperature (negatively), dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, PO₄, NO₂, NO₃, and TP (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). Generally, phytoplankton abundance, diversity, and community structure near the cage site were associated with nutrient inputs plausibly linked to fish feeding and excretion, combined with natural seasonal variation. Because this study was conducted at a single cage-culture site without an independent reference station, these associations indicate localized aquaculture influence at this site rather than generalizable evidence of a causal cage effect.
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