Molecular detection and seasonal dynamics of Nosema ceranae in Apis mellifera (honey bee) colonies in Central Punjab, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23302697Keywords:
Honey bee, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae, microscopy, qPCR, Hsp70 gene, 16S rRNA geneAbstract
Nosema ceranae is an important microsporidian pathogen that causes reduced colony health and productivity in Apis mellifera (honey bee) globally. But little information is available on its prevalence, seasonal fluctuations, and risk factors in honey bee colonies of Central Punjab, Pakistan. This study aimed to identify, differentiate, and quantify Nosema spp. infections using microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We sampled 60 honey bee hives across four seasons in 2023-2024 from institutional apiaries in three districts of Punjab: Okara, Kasur, and Lahore. Adult worker bees were collected, examined under a microscope for Nosema spores, and then tested at the molecular level using qPCR specific for the Hsp70 gene and the 16S rRNA gene for N. ceranae and N. apis, respectively. Chi-square tests were also used to record and analyze environmental and colony-level risk factors. Microscopy detected Nosema spores in seven (11.6%) hives, while qPCR detected N. ceranae in 36 (60%) hives. None of the samples were positive for N. apis. Okara (13, 65%) and Kasur (12, 60%) had the highest prevalence, followed by Lahore (11, 55%). Prevalence in summer and spring was higher (10, 66.6%) than in autumn (9, 60%) and winter (7, 46.6%). Infection levels ranged significantly from undetectable to 5.1 × 10⁶ copies/bee. Infection prevalence was significantly related to both internal and external hive temperature (P < 0.05), while colony strength, colony brood, humidity, precipitation, and Varroa mite infestation were not significant. The study showed that N. ceranae was present in honey bee colonies across Central Punjab and was significantly affected by the seasons and environment. qPCR detection of the pathogen was significantly more sensitive than microscopy. These results provide a baseline for improved disease monitoring, management, and sustainable apiculture in Pakistan.
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